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10.1073/pnas.1500415112 http://scihub22266oqcxt.onion/10.1073/pnas.1500415112 C4394315!4394315 !25831527     free     free     free Warning: file_get_contents(https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&id=25831527 &cmd=llinks): Failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 215 Warning: imagejpeg(C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\phplern\25831527 .jpg): Failed to open stream: No such file or directory in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 117       Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+U+S+A 2015 ; 112 (14 ): 4257-62 Nephropedia Template TP {{tp|p=25831527 |t=2015. Criticality of metals and metalloids |pdf=|usr=}}{{25831527 }} gab.com Text Criticality of metals and metalloids JO: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=25831527 #FOAvip Imbalances between metal supply and demand, real or anticipated, have inspired the concept of metal criticality. We here characterize the criticality of 62 metals and metalloids in a 3D "criticality space" consisting of supply risk, environmental implications, and vulnerability to supply restriction. Contributing factors that lead to extreme values include high geopolitical concentration of primary production, lack of available suitable substitutes, and political instability. The results show that the limitations for many metals important in emerging electronics (e.g., gallium and selenium) are largely those related to supply risk; those of platinum group metals, gold, and mercury, to environmental implications; and steel alloying elements (e.g., chromium and niobium) as well as elements used in high-temperature alloys (e.g., tungsten and molybdenum), to vulnerability to supply restriction. The metals of most concern tend to be those available largely or entirely as byproducts, used in small quantities for highly specialized applications, and possessing no effective substitutes. Twit Text FOAVip Criticality of metals and metalloids ????Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=25831527 #FOAvip Twit Text # Free Paper on # # # # # LINK http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=25831527 #FOAvip English Wikipedia <ref>{{Cite pmid|25831527 }}</ref> Criticality of metals and metalloids #MMPMID25831527 Graedel TE ; Harper EM ; Nassar NT ; Nuss P ; Reck BK Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015[Apr]; 112 (14 ): 4257-62 PMID25831527 show ga Imbalances between metal supply and demand, real or anticipated, have inspired the concept of metal criticality. We here characterize the criticality of 62 metals and metalloids in a 3D "criticality space" consisting of supply risk, environmental implications, and vulnerability to supply restriction. Contributing factors that lead to extreme values include high geopolitical concentration of primary production, lack of available suitable substitutes, and political instability. The results show that the limitations for many metals important in emerging electronics (e.g., gallium and selenium) are largely those related to supply risk; those of platinum group metals, gold, and mercury, to environmental implications; and steel alloying elements (e.g., chromium and niobium) as well as elements used in high-temperature alloys (e.g., tungsten and molybdenum), to vulnerability to supply restriction. The metals of most concern tend to be those available largely or entirely as byproducts, used in small quantities for highly specialized applications, and possessing no effective substitutes. äCriticality of metals and metalloids (epmc).pdf DeepDyve Pubget Overpricing