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2016 ; 45
(7
): 1958-79
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Clinical instrumentation and applications of Raman spectroscopy
#MMPMID26999370
Pence I
; Mahadevan-Jansen A
Chem Soc Rev
2016[Apr]; 45
(7
): 1958-79
PMID26999370
show ga
Clinical diagnostic devices provide new sources of information that give insight
about the state of health which can then be used to manage patient care. These
tools can be as simple as an otoscope to better visualize the ear canal or as
complex as a wireless capsule endoscope to monitor the gastrointestinal tract. It
is with tools such as these that medical practitioners can determine when a
patient is healthy and to make an appropriate diagnosis when he/she is not. The
goal of diagnostic medicine then is to efficiently determine the presence and
cause of disease in order to provide the most appropriate intervention. The
earliest form of medical diagnostics relied on the eye - direct visual
observation of the interaction of light with the sample. This technique was
espoused by Hippocrates in his 5th century BCE work Epidemics, in which the
pallor of a patient's skin and the coloring of the bodily fluids could be
indicative of health. In the last hundred years, medical diagnosis has moved from
relying on visual inspection to relying on numerous technological tools that are
based on various types of interaction of the sample with different types of
energy - light, ultrasound, radio waves, X-rays etc. Modern advances in science
and technology have depended on enhancing technologies for the detection of these
interactions for improved visualization of human health. Optical methods have
been focused on providing this information in the micron to millimeter scale
while ultrasound, X-ray, and radio waves have been key in aiding in the
millimeter to centimeter scale. While a few optical technologies have achieved
the status of medical instruments, many remain in the research and development
phase despite persistent efforts by many researchers in the translation of these
methods for clinical care. Of these, Raman spectroscopy has been described as a
sensitive method that can provide biochemical information about tissue state
while maintaining the capability of delivering this information in real-time,
non-invasively, and in an automated manner. This review presents the various
instrumentation considerations relevant to the clinical implementation of Raman
spectroscopy and reviews a subset of interesting applications that have
successfully demonstrated the efficacy of this technique for clinical diagnostics
and monitoring in large (n ? 50) in vivo human studies.
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