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2014 ; 20
(18
): 2966-81
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Circadian redox and metabolic oscillations in mammalian systems
#MMPMID24063592
O'Neill JS
; Feeney KA
Antioxid Redox Signal
2014[Jun]; 20
(18
): 2966-81
PMID24063592
show ga
SIGNIFICANCE: A substantial proportion of mammalian physiology is organized
around the day/night cycle, being regulated by the co-ordinated action of
numerous cell-autonomous circadian oscillators throughout the body. Disruption of
internal timekeeping, by genetic or environmental perturbation, leads to
metabolic dysregulation, whereas changes in metabolism affect timekeeping. RECENT
ADVANCES: While gene expression cycles are essential for the temporal
coordination of normal physiology, it has become clear that rhythms in metabolism
and redox balance are cell-intrinsic phenomena, which may regulate gene
expression cycles reciprocally, but persist in their absence. For example, a
circadian rhythm in peroxiredoxin oxidation was recently observed in isolated
human erythrocytes, fibroblast cell lines in vitro, and mouse liver in vivo.
CRITICAL ISSUES: Mammalian timekeeping is a cellular phenomenon. While we
understand many of the cellular systems that contribute to this biological
oscillation's fidelity and robustness, a comprehensive mechanistic understanding
remains elusive. Moreover, the formerly clear distinction between "core clock
components" and rhythmic cellular outputs is blurred since several outputs, for
example, redox balance, can feed back to regulate timekeeping. As with any
cyclical system, establishing causality becomes problematic. FUTURE DIRECTIONS: A
detailed molecular understanding of the temporal crosstalk between cellular
systems, and the coincidence detection mechanisms that allow a cell to
discriminate clock-relevant from irrelevant stimuli, will be essential as we move
toward an integrated model of how this daily biological oscillation works. Such
knowledge will highlight new avenues by which the functional consequences of
circadian timekeeping can be explored in the context of human health and disease.