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2015 ; 36
(3
): 289-304
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Circadian metabolism in the light of evolution
#MMPMID25927923
Gerhart-Hines Z
; Lazar MA
Endocr Rev
2015[Jun]; 36
(3
): 289-304
PMID25927923
show ga
Circadian rhythm, or daily oscillation, of behaviors and biological processes is
a fundamental feature of mammalian physiology that has developed over hundreds of
thousands of years under the continuous evolutionary pressure of energy
conservation and efficiency. Evolution has fine-tuned the body's clock to
anticipate and respond to numerous environmental cues in order to maintain
homeostatic balance and promote survival. However, we now live in a society in
which these classic circadian entrainment stimuli have been dramatically altered
from the conditions under which the clock machinery was originally set. A
bombardment of artificial lighting, heating, and cooling systems that maintain
constant ambient temperature; sedentary lifestyle; and the availability of
inexpensive, high-calorie foods has threatened even the most powerful and ancient
circadian programming mechanisms. Such environmental changes have contributed to
the recent staggering elevation in lifestyle-influenced pathologies, including
cancer, cardiovascular disease, depression, obesity, and diabetes. This review
scrutinizes the role of the body's internal clocks in the hard-wiring of
circadian networks that have evolved to achieve energetic balance and
adaptability, and it discusses potential therapeutic strategies to reset clock
metabolic control to modern time for the benefit of human health.