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Choline, Other Methyl-Donors and Epigenetics
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Zeisel S
Nutrients
2017[Apr]; 9
(5
): ä PMID28468239
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Choline dietary intake varies such that many people do not achieve adequate
intakes. Diet intake of choline can modulate methylation because, via betaine
homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT), this nutrient (and its metabolite,
betaine) regulate the concentrations of S-adenosylhomocysteine and
S-adenosylmethionine. Some of the epigenetic mechanisms that modify gene
expression without modifying the genetic code depend on the methylation of DNA or
of histones; and diet availability of choline and other methyl-group donors
influences both of these methylations. Examples of methyl-donor mediated
epigenetic effects include the changes in coat color and body weight in offspring
when pregnant agouti mice are fed high choline, high methyl diets; the changes in
tail kinking in offspring when pregnant Axin(Fu) mice are fed high choline, high
methyl diets; the changes in Cdkn3 methylation and altered brain development that
occurs in offspring when pregnant rodents are fed low choline diets. When choline
metabolism is disrupted by deleting the gene Bhmt, DNA methylation is affected
(especially in a region of chromosome 13), expression of specific genes is
suppressed, and liver cancers develop. Better understanding of how nutrients such
as choline and methyl-donors influence epigenetic programs has importance for our
understanding of not only developmental abnormalities but also for understanding
the origins of chronic diseases.
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