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2015 ; 5
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Cancer metastases: challenges and opportunities
#MMPMID26579471
Guan X
Acta Pharm Sin B
2015[Sep]; 5
(5
): 402-18
PMID26579471
show ga
Cancer metastasis is the major cause of cancer morbidity and mortality, and
accounts for about 90% of cancer deaths. Although cancer survival rate has been
significantly improved over the years, the improvement is primarily due to early
diagnosis and cancer growth inhibition. Limited progress has been made in the
treatment of cancer metastasis due to various factors. Current treatments for
cancer metastasis are mainly chemotherapy and radiotherapy, though the new
generation anti-cancer drugs (predominantly neutralizing antibodies for growth
factors and small molecule kinase inhibitors) do have the effects on cancer
metastasis in addition to their effects on cancer growth. Cancer metastasis
begins with detachment of metastatic cells from the primary tumor, travel of the
cells to different sites through blood/lymphatic vessels, settlement and growth
of the cells at a distal site. During the process, metastatic cells go through
detachment, migration, invasion and adhesion. These four essential, metastatic
steps are inter-related and affected by multi-biochemical events and parameters.
Additionally, it is known that tumor microenvironment (such as extracellular
matrix structure, growth factors, chemokines, matrix metalloproteinases) plays a
significant role in cancer metastasis. The biochemical events and parameters
involved in the metastatic process and tumor microenvironment have been targeted
or can be potential targets for metastasis prevention and inhibition. This review
provides an overview of these metastasis essential steps, related biochemical
factors, and targets for intervention.
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