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2017 ; 4
(10
): 170470
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Cancer and intercellular cooperation
#MMPMID29134064
Bertolaso M
; Dieli AM
R Soc Open Sci
2017[Oct]; 4
(10
): 170470
PMID29134064
show ga
The major transitions approach in evolutionary biology has shown that the
intercellular cooperation that characterizes multicellular organisms would never
have emerged without some kind of multilevel selection. Relying on this view, the
Evolutionary Somatic view of cancer considers cancer as a breakdown of
intercellular cooperation and as a loss of the balance between selection
processes that take place at different levels of organization (particularly
single cell and individual organism). This seems an elegant unifying framework
for healthy organism, carcinogenesis, tumour proliferation, metastasis and other
phenomena such as ageing. However, the gene-centric version of Darwinian
evolution, which is often adopted in cancer research, runs into empirical
problems: proto-tumoural and tumoural features in precancerous cells that would
undergo 'natural selection' have proved hard to demonstrate; cells are radically
context-dependent, and some stages of cancer are poorly related to genetic
change. Recent perspectives propose that breakdown of intercellular cooperation
could depend on 'fields' and other higher-level phenomena, and could be even
mutations independent. Indeed, the field would be the context, allowing (or
preventing) genetic mutations to undergo an intra-organism process analogous to
natural selection. The complexities surrounding somatic evolution call for
integration between multiple incomplete frameworks for interpreting intercellular
cooperation and its pathologies.
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