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10.1016/j.bpj.2017.06.052 http://scihub22266oqcxt.onion/10.1016/j.bpj.2017.06.052 28755756!5700249!28755756     free     free     free Warning: file_get_contents(https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&id=28755756&cmd=llinks): Failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 215       Biophys+J 2017 ; 113 (10): 2133-2142 Nephropedia Template TP {{tp|p=28755756|t=2017. Brain Extracellular Space: The Final Frontier of Neuroscience |pdf=|usr=}}{{28755756}} gab.com Text Brain Extracellular Space: The Final Frontier of Neuroscience JO: Biophys J http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=28755756 #FOAvip Brain extracellular space is the narrow microenvironment that surrounds every cell of the central nervous system. It contains a solution that closely resembles cerebrospinal fluid with the addition of extracellular matrix molecules. The space provides a reservoir for ions essential to the electrical activity of neurons and forms an intercellular chemical communication channel. Attempts to reveal the size and structure of the extracellular space using electron microscopy have had limited success; however, a biophysical approach based on diffusion of selected probe molecules has proved useful. A point-source paradigm, realized in the real-time iontophoresis method using tetramethylammonium, as well as earlier radiotracer methods, have shown that the extracellular space occupies approximately 20% of brain tissue and small molecules have an effective diffusion coefficient that is two-fifths that in a free solution. Monte Carlo modeling indicates that geometrical constraints, including dead-space microdomains, contribute to the hindrance to diffusion. Imaging the spread of macromolecules shows them increasingly hindered as a function of size and suggests that the gaps between cells are predominantly approximately 40 nm with wider local expansions that may represent dead-spaces. Diffusion measurements also characterize interactions of ions and proteins with the chondroitin and heparan sulfate components of the extracellular matrix; however, the many roles of the matrix are only starting to become apparent. The existence and magnitude of bulk flow and the so-called glymphatic system are topics of current interest and controversy. The extracellular space is an exciting area for research that will be propelled by emerging technologies. Twit Text FOAVip Brain Extracellular Space: The Final Frontier of Neuroscience ????Biophys J http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=28755756 #FOAvip Twit Text # Free Paper on # # # # # LINK http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=28755756 #FOAvip English Wikipedia <ref>{{Cite pmid|28755756}}</ref> Brain Extracellular Space: The Final Frontier of Neuroscience #MMPMID28755756 Nicholson C; Hrabetova S Biophys J 2017[Nov]; 113 (10): 2133-2142 PMID28755756show ga Brain extracellular space is the narrow microenvironment that surrounds every cell of the central nervous system. It contains a solution that closely resembles cerebrospinal fluid with the addition of extracellular matrix molecules. The space provides a reservoir for ions essential to the electrical activity of neurons and forms an intercellular chemical communication channel. Attempts to reveal the size and structure of the extracellular space using electron microscopy have had limited success; however, a biophysical approach based on diffusion of selected probe molecules has proved useful. A point-source paradigm, realized in the real-time iontophoresis method using tetramethylammonium, as well as earlier radiotracer methods, have shown that the extracellular space occupies approximately 20% of brain tissue and small molecules have an effective diffusion coefficient that is two-fifths that in a free solution. Monte Carlo modeling indicates that geometrical constraints, including dead-space microdomains, contribute to the hindrance to diffusion. Imaging the spread of macromolecules shows them increasingly hindered as a function of size and suggests that the gaps between cells are predominantly approximately 40 nm with wider local expansions that may represent dead-spaces. Diffusion measurements also characterize interactions of ions and proteins with the chondroitin and heparan sulfate components of the extracellular matrix; however, the many roles of the matrix are only starting to become apparent. The existence and magnitude of bulk flow and the so-called glymphatic system are topics of current interest and controversy. The extracellular space is an exciting area for research that will be propelled by emerging technologies. |*Extracellular Space/metabolism[MESH] |Animals[MESH] |Brain/*cytology/ultrastructure[MESH] |Diffusion[MESH] |Humans[MESH] |Molecular Imaging[MESH]Brain Extracellular Space: The Final Frontier of Neuroscience (epmc).pdf DeepDyve Pubget Overpricing