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2017 ; 9
(5
): 747-760
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Biophysical aspects of biomineralization
#MMPMID28852989
Bolean M
; Simão AMS
; Barioni MB
; Favarin BZ
; Sebinelli HG
; Veschi EA
; Janku TAB
; Bottini M
; Hoylaerts MF
; Itri R
; Millán JL
; Ciancaglini P
Biophys Rev
2017[Oct]; 9
(5
): 747-760
PMID28852989
show ga
During the process of endochondral bone formation, chondrocytes and osteoblasts
mineralize their extracellular matrix (ECM) by promoting the synthesis of
hydroxyapatite (HA) seed crystals in the sheltered interior of membrane-limited
matrix vesicles (MVs). Several lipid and proteins present in the membrane of the
MVs mediate the interactions of MVs with the ECM and regulate the initial mineral
deposition and posterior propagation. Among the proteins of MV membranes, ion
transporters control the availability of phosphate and calcium needed for initial
HA deposition. Phosphatases (orphan phosphatase 1, ectonucleotide
pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 and tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase)
play a crucial role in controlling the inorganic pyrophosphate/inorganic
phosphate ratio that allows MV-mediated initiation of mineralization. The lipidic
microenvironment can help in the nucleation process of first crystals and also
plays a crucial physiological role in the function of MV-associated enzymes and
transporters (type III sodium-dependent phosphate transporters, annexins and
Na(+)/K(+) ATPase). The whole process is mediated and regulated by the action of
several molecules and steps, which make the process complex and highly regulated.
Liposomes and proteoliposomes, as models of biological membranes, facilitate the
understanding of lipid-protein interactions with emphasis on the properties of
physicochemical and biochemical processes. In this review, we discuss the use of
proteoliposomes as multiple protein carrier systems intended to mimic the various
functions of MVs during the initiation and propagation of mineral growth in the
course of biomineralization. We focus on studies applying biophysical tools to
characterize the biomimetic models in order to gain an understanding of the
importance of lipid-protein and lipid-lipid interfaces throughout the process.
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