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2017 ; 147
(ä): 1-73
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Biochemical and Biological Attributes of Matrix Metalloproteinases
#MMPMID28413025
Cui N
; Hu M
; Khalil RA
Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci
2017[]; 147
(ä): 1-73
PMID28413025
show ga
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of zinc-dependent endopeptidases
that are involved in the degradation of various proteins in the extracellular
matrix (ECM). Typically, MMPs have a propeptide sequence, a catalytic
metalloproteinase domain with catalytic zinc, a hinge region or linker peptide,
and a hemopexin domain. MMPs are commonly classified on the basis of their
substrates and the organization of their structural domains into collagenases,
gelatinases, stromelysins, matrilysins, membrane-type (MT)-MMPs, and other MMPs.
MMPs are secreted by many cells including fibroblasts, vascular smooth muscle
(VSM), and leukocytes. MMPs are regulated at the level of mRNA expression and by
activation of their latent zymogen form. MMPs are often secreted as inactive
pro-MMP form which is cleaved to the active form by various proteinases including
other MMPs. MMPs cause degradation of ECM proteins such as collagen and elastin,
but could influence endothelial cell function as well as VSM cell migration,
proliferation, Ca(2+) signaling, and contraction. MMPs play a role in tissue
remodeling during various physiological processes such as angiogenesis,
embryogenesis, morphogenesis, and wound repair, as well as in pathological
conditions such as myocardial infarction, fibrotic disorders, osteoarthritis, and
cancer. Increases in specific MMPs could play a role in arterial remodeling,
aneurysm formation, venous dilation, and lower extremity venous disorders. MMPs
also play a major role in leukocyte infiltration and tissue inflammation. MMPs
have been detected in cancer, and elevated MMP levels have been associated with
tumor progression and invasiveness. MMPs can be regulated by endogenous tissue
inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), and the MMP/TIMP ratio often determines
the extent of ECM protein degradation and tissue remodeling. MMPs have been
proposed as biomarkers for numerous pathological conditions and are being
examined as potential therapeutic targets in various cardiovascular and
musculoskeletal disorders as well as cancer.