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2014 ; 38
(5
): 865-91
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Bacterial insertion sequences: their genomic impact and diversity
#MMPMID24499397
Siguier P
; Gourbeyre E
; Chandler M
FEMS Microbiol Rev
2014[Sep]; 38
(5
): 865-91
PMID24499397
show ga
Insertion sequences (ISs), arguably the smallest and most numerous autonomous
transposable elements (TEs), are important players in shaping their host genomes.
This review focuses on prokaryotic ISs. We discuss IS distribution and impact on
genome evolution. We also examine their effects on gene expression, especially
their role in activating neighbouring genes, a phenomenon of particular
importance in the recent upsurge of bacterial antibiotic resistance. We explain
how ISs are identified and classified into families by a combination of
characteristics including their transposases (Tpases), their overall genetic
organisation and the accessory genes which some ISs carry. We then describe the
organisation of autonomous and nonautonomous IS-related elements. This is used to
illustrate the growing recognition that the boundaries between different types of
mobile element are becoming increasingly difficult to define as more are being
identified. We review the known Tpase types, their different catalytic activities
used in cleaving and rejoining DNA strands during transposition, their
organisation into functional domains and the role of this in regulation. Finally,
we consider examples of prokaryotic IS domestication. In a more speculative
section, we discuss the necessity of constructing more quantitative dynamic
models to fully appreciate the continuing impact of TEs on prokaryotic
populations.