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2016 ; 4
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Bacterial Secretion Systems: An Overview
#MMPMID26999395
Green ER
; Mecsas J
Microbiol Spectr
2016[Feb]; 4
(1
): ä PMID26999395
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Bacterial pathogens utilize a multitude of methods to invade mammalian hosts,
damage tissue sites, and thwart the immune system from responding. One essential
component of these strategies for many bacterial pathogens is the secretion of
proteins across phospholipid membranes. Secreted proteins can play many roles in
promoting bacterial virulence, from enhancing attachment to eukaryotic cells, to
scavenging resources in an environmental niche, to directly intoxicating target
cells and disrupting their functions. Many pathogens use dedicated protein
secretion systems to secrete virulence factors from the cytosol of the bacteria
into host cells or the host environment. In general, bacterial protein secretion
apparatuses can be divided into classes, based on their structures, functions,
and specificity. Some systems are conserved in all classes of bacteria and
secrete a broad array of substrates, while others are only found in a small
number of bacterial species and/or are specific to only one or a few proteins. In
this chapter, we review the canonical features of several common bacterial
protein secretion systems, as well as their roles in promoting the virulence of
bacterial pathogens. Additionally, we address recent findings that indicate that
the innate immune system of the host can detect and respond to the presence of
protein secretion systems during mammalian infection.
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