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2014 ; 4
(3
): 1177-200
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Autonomic nervous system and immune system interactions
#MMPMID24944034
Kenney MJ
; Ganta CK
Compr Physiol
2014[Jul]; 4
(3
): 1177-200
PMID24944034
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The present review assesses the current state of literature defining integrative
autonomic-immune physiological processing, focusing on studies that have employed
electrophysiological, pharmacological, molecular biological, and central nervous
system experimental approaches. Central autonomic neural networks are informed of
peripheral immune status via numerous communicating pathways, including neural
and non-neural. Cytokines and other immune factors affect the level of activity
and responsivity of discharges in sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves
innervating diverse targets. Multiple levels of the neuraxis contribute to
cytokine-induced changes in efferent parasympathetic and sympathetic nerve
outflows, leading to modulation of peripheral immune responses. The functionality
of local sympathoimmune interactions depends on the microenvironment created by
diverse signaling mechanisms involving integration between sympathetic nervous
system neurotransmitters and neuromodulators; specific adrenergic receptors; and
the presence or absence of immune cells, cytokines, and bacteria. Functional
mechanisms contributing to the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway likely
involve novel cholinergic-adrenergic interactions at peripheral sites, including
autonomic ganglion and lymphoid targets. Immune cells express adrenergic and
nicotinic receptors. Neurotransmitters released by sympathetic and
parasympathetic nerve endings bind to their respective receptors located on the
surface of immune cells and initiate immune-modulatory responses. Both
sympathetic and parasympathetic arms of the autonomic nervous system are
instrumental in orchestrating neuroimmune processes, although additional studies
are required to understand dynamic and complex adrenergic-cholinergic
interactions. Further understanding of regulatory mechanisms linking the
sympathetic nervous, parasympathetic nervous, and immune systems is critical for
understanding relationships between chronic disease development and
immune-associated changes in autonomic nervous system function.
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