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Compr Physiol
2015[Jan]; 5
(1
): 439-73
PMID25589275
show ga
The autonomic nervous system influences numerous ocular functions. It does this
by way of parasympathetic innervation from postganglionic fibers that originate
from neurons in the ciliary and pterygopalatine ganglia, and by way of
sympathetic innervation from postganglionic fibers that originate from neurons in
the superior cervical ganglion. Ciliary ganglion neurons project to the ciliary
body and the sphincter pupillae muscle of the iris to control ocular
accommodation and pupil constriction, respectively. Superior cervical ganglion
neurons project to the dilator pupillae muscle of the iris to control pupil
dilation. Ocular blood flow is controlled both via direct autonomic influences on
the vasculature of the optic nerve, choroid, ciliary body, and iris, as well as
via indirect influences on retinal blood flow. In mammals, this vasculature is
innervated by vasodilatory fibers from the pterygopalatine ganglion, and by
vasoconstrictive fibers from the superior cervical ganglion. Intraocular pressure
is regulated primarily through the balance of aqueous humor formation and
outflow. Autonomic regulation of ciliary body blood vessels and the ciliary
epithelium is an important determinant of aqueous humor formation; autonomic
regulation of the trabecular meshwork and episcleral blood vessels is an
important determinant of aqueous humor outflow. These tissues are all innervated
by fibers from the pterygopalatine and superior cervical ganglia. In addition to
these classical autonomic pathways, trigeminal sensory fibers exert local,
intrinsic influences on many of these regions of the eye, as well as on some
neurons within the ciliary and pterygopalatine ganglia.
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