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2014 ; 219
(ä): 309-39
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Arrestins in apoptosis
#MMPMID24292837
Kook S
; Gurevich VV
; Gurevich EV
Handb Exp Pharmacol
2014[]; 219
(ä): 309-39
PMID24292837
show ga
Programmed cell death (apoptosis) is a coordinated set of events eventually
leading to the massive activation of specialized proteases (caspases) that cleave
numerous substrates, orchestrating fairly uniform biochemical changes than
culminate in cellular suicide. Apoptosis can be triggered by a variety of
stimuli, from external signals or growth factor withdrawal to intracellular
conditions, such as DNA damage or ER stress. Arrestins regulate many signaling
cascades involved in life-or-death decisions in the cell, so it is hardly
surprising that numerous reports document the effects of ubiquitous nonvisual
arrestins on apoptosis under various conditions. Although these findings hardly
constitute a coherent picture, with the same arrestin subtypes, sometimes via the
same signaling pathways, reported to promote or inhibit cell death, this might
reflect real differences in pro- and antiapoptotic signaling in different cells
under a variety of conditions. Recent finding suggests that one of the nonvisual
subtypes, arrestin-2, is specifically cleaved by caspases. Generated fragment
actively participates in the core mechanism of apoptosis: it assists another
product of caspase activity, tBID, in releasing cytochrome C from mitochondria.
This is the point of no return in committing vertebrate cells to death, and the
aspartate where caspases cleave arrestin-2 is evolutionary conserved in
vertebrate, but not in invertebrate arrestins. In contrast to wild-type
arrestin-2, its caspase-resistant mutant does not facilitate cell death.