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2017 ; 8
(ä): 189
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An Overview of Monthly Rhythms and Clocks
#MMPMID28553258
Raible F
; Takekata H
; Tessmar-Raible K
Front Neurol
2017[]; 8
(ä): 189
PMID28553258
show ga
Organisms have evolved to cope with geophysical cycles of different period
lengths. In this review, we focus on the adaptations of animals to the lunar
cycle, specifically, on the occurrence of biological rhythms with monthly
(circalunar) or semi-monthly (circasemilunar) period lengths. Systematic
experimental investigation, starting in the early twentieth century, has allowed
scientists to distinguish between mythological belief and scientific facts
concerning the influence of the lunar cycle on animals. These studies revealed
that marine animals of various taxa exhibit circalunar or circasemilunar
reproductive rhythms. Some of these rely on endogenous oscillators (circalunar or
circasemilunar clocks), whereas others are directly driven by external cues, such
as the changes in nocturnal illuminance. We review current insight in the
molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in circalunar rhythms, focusing on
recent work in corals, annelid worms, midges, and fishes. In several of these
model systems, the transcript levels of some core circadian clock genes are
affected by both light and endogenous circalunar oscillations. How these and
other molecular changes relate to the changes in physiology or behavior over the
lunar cycle remains to be determined. We further review the possible relevance of
circalunar rhythms for terrestrial species, with a particular focus on mammalian
reproduction. Studies on circalunar rhythms of conception or birth rates extend
to humans, where the lunar cycle was suggested to also affect sleep and mental
health. While these reports remain controversial, factors like the increase in
"light pollution" by artificial light might contribute to discrepancies between
studies. We finally discuss the existence of circalunar oscillations in mammalian
physiology. We speculate that these oscillations could be the remnant of ancient
circalunar oscillators that were secondarily uncoupled from a natural entrainment
mechanism, but still maintained relevance for structuring the timing of
reproduction or physiology. The analysis and comparison of circalunar rhythms and
clocks are currently challenging due to the heterogeneity of samples concerning
species diversity, environmental conditions, and chronobiological conditions. We
suggest that future research will benefit from the development of standardized
experimental paradigms, and common principles for recording and reporting
environmental conditions, especially light spectra and intensities.
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