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Int J Mol Sci
2018[Mar]; 19
(3
): ? PMID29534490
show ga
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) has been well established as an important
extracellular ligand of autocrine signaling, intercellular communication, and
neurotransmission with numerous physiological and pathophysiological roles. In
addition to the classical exocytosis, non-vesicular mechanisms of cellular ATP
release have been demonstrated in many cell types. Although large and negatively
charged ATP molecules cannot diffuse across the lipid bilayer of the plasma
membrane, conductive ATP release from the cytosol into the extracellular space is
possible through ATP-permeable channels. Such channels must possess two minimum
qualifications for ATP permeation: anion permeability and a large ion-conducting
pore. Currently, five groups of channels are acknowledged as ATP-release
channels: connexin hemichannels, pannexin 1, calcium homeostasis modulator 1
(CALHM1), volume-regulated anion channels (VRACs, also known as volume-sensitive
outwardly rectifying (VSOR) anion channels), and maxi-anion channels (MACs).
Recently, major breakthroughs have been made in the field by molecular
identification of CALHM1 as the action potential-dependent ATP-release channel in
taste bud cells, LRRC8s as components of VRACs, and SLCO2A1 as a core subunit of
MACs. Here, the function and physiological roles of these five groups of
ATP-release channels are summarized, along with a discussion on the future
implications of understanding these channels.
|Adenosine Triphosphate/*metabolism
[MESH]
|Animals
[MESH]
|Anion Transport Proteins/genetics/metabolism
[MESH]
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