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lüll Mechanisms for protection against copper toxicity Dameron CT; Harrison MDAm J Clin Nutr 1998[May]; 67 (5 Suppl): 1091S-1097SEssential transition metals such as copper, molybdenum, and zinc and nonessential metals like cadmium, mercury, and lead can be toxic at the cellular, tissue, and organ levels when present in excess. To avoid metal-induced toxicity most organisms use a redundant combination of metal-regulated import inhibition, sequestration, and enhanced export mechanisms. Combinations of these mechanisms are used to form detoxification pathways controlled through metal-binding proteins at transcriptional, translational, or enzymatic levels. In mammalian pathways copper is partially detoxified by sequestration in the metal-binding metallothioneins or export via the copper-translocating ATPases. Copper regulation of these two mechanisms is afforded by specific conformational changes induced in regulatory proteins on metal binding.|*Cation Transport Proteins[MESH]|*Recombinant Fusion Proteins[MESH]|*Transcriptional Activation[MESH]|Adenosine Triphosphatases/genetics[MESH]|Amino Acid Sequence[MESH]|Animals[MESH]|Carrier Proteins/genetics[MESH]|Copper-Transporting ATPases[MESH]|Copper/*adverse effects/*pharmacokinetics[MESH]|Humans[MESH]|Inactivation, Metabolic[MESH]|Metallothionein/*physiology[MESH]|Molecular Sequence Data[MESH] |