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lüll Prostate Cancer Leslie SW; Soon-Sutton TL; R I A; Sajjad H; Skelton WPStatPearls-/-ä 2024[Jan]; ä (ä): äWorldwide, prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed male malignancy and the fifth leading cause of cancer death in men. This amounted to 1,414,249 newly diagnosed cases and 375,000 deaths worldwide yearly from this disease in 2020. Globally, prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy in more than fifty percent of countries (112 of 185). Fortunately, most prostate cancers tend to grow slowly and are low-grade with relatively low risk and limited aggressiveness. There are no initial or early symptoms in most cases, but late symptoms may include fatigue due to anemia, bone pain, paralysis from spinal metastases, and renal failure from bilateral ureteral obstruction. Diagnosis is primarily based on prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing and transrectal ultrasound-guided (TRUS) prostate tissue biopsies, although PSA testing for screening remains controversial. Newer diagnostic modalities include free and total PSA levels, PCA3 urine testing, Prostate Health Index scoring (PHI), the"4K" test, exosome testing, genomic analysis, MRI imaging, PIRADS scoring, and MRI-TRUS fusion guided biopsies. When the cancer is limited to the prostate, it is considered localized and potentially curable. If the disease has spread to the bones or elsewhere outside the prostate, pain medications, bisphosphonates, rank ligand inhibitors, hormonal treatment, chemotherapy, radiopharmaceuticals, immunotherapy, focused radiation, and other targeted therapies can be used. Outcomes depend on age, associated health problems, tumor histology, and the extent of cancer.ä |