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Repeated mild traumatic brain injury produces neuroinflammation, anxiety-like behaviour and impaired spatial memory in mice Broussard JI; Acion L; De Jesus-Cortes H; Yin T; Britt JK; Salas R; Costa-Mattioli M; Robertson C; Pieper AA; Arciniegas DB; Jorge RBrain Inj 2018[]; 32 (1): 113-122PRIMARY OBJECTIVE: Repeated traumatic brain injuries (rmTBI) are frequently associated with debilitating neuropsychiatric conditions such as cognitive impairment, mood disorders, and post-traumatic stress disorder. We tested the hypothesis that repeated mild traumatic brain injury impairs spatial memory and enhances anxiety-like behaviour. RESEARCH DESIGN: We used a between groups design using single (smTBI) or repeated (rmTBI) controlled cranial closed skull impacts to mice, compared to a control group. METHODS AND PROCEDURES: We assessed the effects of smTBI and rmTBI using measures of motor performance (Rotarod Test [RT]), anxiety-like behaviour (Elevated Plus Maze [EPM] and Open Field [OF] tests), and spatial memory (Morris Water Maze [MWM]) within 12 days of the final injury. In separate groups of mice, astrocytosis and microglial activation were assessed 24 hours after the final injury using GFAP and IBA-1 immunohistochemistry. MAIN OUTCOMES AND RESULTS: RmTBI impaired spatial memory in the MWM and increased anxiety-like behaviour in the EPM and OFT. In addition, rmTBI elevated GFAP and IBA-1 immunohistochemistry throughout the mouse brain. RmTBI produced astrocytosis and microglial activation, and elicited impaired spatial memory and anxiety-like behaviour. CONCLUSIONS: rmTBI produces acute cognitive and anxiety-like disturbances associated with inflammatory changes in brain regions involved in spatial memory and anxiety.|Animals[MESH]|Anxiety/*etiology/pathology/psychology[MESH]|Astrocytes/pathology[MESH]|Behavior, Animal/*physiology[MESH]|Brain Concussion/*complications/pathology/psychology[MESH]|Brain/pathology[MESH]|Encephalitis/*etiology/pathology/psychology[MESH]|Gliosis/etiology/pathology/psychology[MESH]|Male[MESH]|Maze Learning/physiology[MESH]|Memory Disorders/*etiology/pathology/psychology[MESH]|Mice[MESH]|Microglia/pathology[MESH]|Models, Animal[MESH]|Motor Activity/physiology[MESH]|Recurrence[MESH]|Spatial Memory/*physiology[MESH] |
