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  lüll Surgical management of cardiac implantable electronic device infections Koutentakis M; Siminelakis S; Korantzopoulos P; Petrou A; Priavali H; Mpakas A; Gesouli H; Apostolakis E; Tsakiridis K; Zarogoulidis P; Katsikogiannis N; Kougioumtzi I; Machairiotis N; Tsiouda T; Zarogoulidis KJ Thorac Dis  2014[Mar]; 6 Suppl 1 (Suppl 1): S173-9PURPOSE: The infection of cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIED) is a  serious and potentially lethal complication. The population at risk is growing,  as the device implantation is increasing especially in older patients with  associated comorbid conditions. Our purpose was to present the management of this  complicated surgical condition and to extract the relevant conclusions. METHODS:  During a 3-year period 1,508 CIED were implanted in our hospital. We treated six  cases of permanent pacemaker infection with localized pocket infection or  endocarditis. In accordance to the recent AHA/ACC guidelines, complete device  removal was decided in all cases. The devices were removed under general  anaesthesia, with a midline sternotomy, under extracorporeal circulation on the  beating heart. Epicardial permanent pacing electrodes were placed on the right  atrium and ventricle before the end of the procedure. RESULTS: The postoperative  course of all patients was uncomplicated and after a follow up period of five  years no relapse of infection occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Management protocols that  include complete device removal are the only effective measure for the  eradication of CIED infections. Although newer technologies have emerged and  specialized techniques of percutaneous device removal have been developed, the  surgical alternative to these methods can be a safe solution in cases of infected  devices.ä |