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lüll Capsaicin induces CYP3A4 expression via pregnane X receptor and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta activation Han EH; Kim HG; Choi JH; Jang YJ; Lee SS; Kwon KI; Kim E; Noh K; Jeong TC; Hwang YP; Chung YC; Kang W; Jeong HGMol Nutr Food Res 2012[May]; 56 (5): 797-809SCOPE: Capsaicin (8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide) is the principal pungent ingredient in hot red and chili peppers. Many studies have focused on the anticarcinogenic or chemopreventive activities of capsaicin. However, the influence of capsaicin on CYP3A4, its involvement in drug metabolism, and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS: Here, we examined the effect of capsaicin on CYP3A4 expression and the metabolism of CYP3A1 substrate, nifedipine in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Capsaicin induced the enzymatic activity and expression of CYP3A4 in HepG2 cells. Treatment with a human pregnane X receptor (hPXR) inhibitor reduced the inductive effects of capsaicin on CYP3A4 expression. Capsaicin also induced the activation of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta (C/EBPbeta). Moreover, capsaicin increased the activation of the transient receptor potential vanilloid type-1 receptor downstream signaling components Ca(2)(+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase and Akt. Capsaicin elevated the level of CYP3A1 in rat liver and significantly increased the biotransformation of nifedipine to dehydronifedipine. CONCLUSION: From these data, we conclude that capsaicin induces CYP3A4 expression in vitro and in vivo. This induction was achieved by the activation of hPXR and C/EBPbeta. Our results suggest that capsaicin might induce CYP3A4 expression; thus, exposure to capsaicin may increase the metabolism of CYP3A4 substrate and potentially cause food-drug interactions.|Animals[MESH]|CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-beta/*genetics/metabolism[MESH]|Capsaicin/*pharmacology[MESH]|Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A/*genetics/metabolism[MESH]|Food-Drug Interactions[MESH]|Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects[MESH]|Hep G2 Cells[MESH]|Humans[MESH]|Inactivation, Metabolic[MESH]|Liver/drug effects/metabolism[MESH]|Male[MESH]|Nifedipine/analogs & derivatives/blood/pharmacokinetics[MESH]|Pregnane X Receptor[MESH]|Promoter Regions, Genetic/drug effects[MESH]|Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/genetics/metabolism[MESH]|Rats[MESH]|Rats, Sprague-Dawley[MESH]|Receptors, Steroid/*genetics/metabolism[MESH]|Signal Transduction/drug effects[MESH]|TRPV Cation Channels/metabolism[MESH]|Up-Regulation[MESH] |