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lüll Cholera toxin: an intracellular journey into the cytosol by way of the endoplasmic reticulum Wernick NL; Chinnapen DJ; Cho JA; Lencer WIToxins (Basel) 2010[Mar]; 2 (3): 310-25Cholera toxin (CT), an AB(5)-subunit toxin, enters host cells by binding the ganglioside GM1 at the plasma membrane (PM) and travels retrograde through the trans-Golgi Network into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In the ER, a portion of CT, the enzymatic A1-chain, is unfolded by protein disulfide isomerase and retro-translocated to the cytosol by hijacking components of the ER associated degradation pathway for misfolded proteins. After crossing the ER membrane, the A1-chain refolds in the cytosol and escapes rapid degradation by the proteasome to induce disease by ADP-ribosylating the large G-protein Gs and activating adenylyl cyclase. Here, we review the mechanisms of toxin trafficking by GM1 and retro-translocation of the A1-chain to the cytosol.|Cell Membrane/metabolism[MESH]|Cholera Toxin/chemistry/*metabolism[MESH]|Cytosol/*metabolism[MESH]|Endoplasmic Reticulum/*metabolism[MESH]|G(M1) Ganglioside/metabolism[MESH]|Humans[MESH]|Protein Conformation[MESH]|Protein Transport[MESH] |