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Cell surface markers in HTLV-1 pathogenesis Kress AK; Grassmann R; Fleckenstein BViruses 2011[Aug]; 3 (8): 1439-59The phenotype of HTLV-1-transformed CD4(+) T lymphocytes largely depends on defined viral effector molecules such as the viral oncoprotein Tax. In this review, we exemplify the expression pattern of characteristic lineage markers, costimulatory receptors and ligands of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily, cytokine receptors, and adhesion molecules on HTLV-1-transformed cells. These molecules may provide survival signals for the transformed cells. Expression of characteristic surface markers might therefore contribute to persistence of HTLV-1-transformed lymphocytes and to the development of HTLV-1-associated disease.|Biomarkers/metabolism[MESH]|CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism/*virology[MESH]|Cell Adhesion Molecules/metabolism[MESH]|Cell Differentiation[MESH]|Cell Line, Transformed[MESH]|Cell Proliferation[MESH]|Cell Transformation, Viral[MESH]|Costimulatory and Inhibitory T-Cell Receptors/*metabolism[MESH]|Gene Products, tax/genetics/metabolism[MESH]|Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/genetics/metabolism/*pathogenicity[MESH]|Humans[MESH]|Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/metabolism/*virology[MESH]|Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/virology[MESH]|Phenotype[MESH]|Receptors, Cytokine/metabolism[MESH]|Signal Transduction[MESH] |