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 Basics of systematic reviews and meta-analyses for the nephrologist Bello AK; Wiebe N; Garg AX; Tonelli MNephron Clin Pract  2011[]; 119 (1): c50-60; discussion c61Renal practitioners are expected to apply the best available evidence from  rigorous scientific research to clinical decision-making and also for  policy-making for those involved. Advances in information technology and  unprecedented access to data have simplified the process for the search of best  available evidence to guide practice. However, it is challenging to cope with the  increasing volume of publications in nephrology and other areas of medicine.  Accordingly, systematic reviews and meta-analysis have greatly facilitated best  practice and effective clinical decision-making. Conducting a systematic  review/meta-analysis involves a number of steps that start with protocol  development and research question formulation, design and study selection  criteria, followed by retrieval of potentially relevant studies, selection of  those studies to be included and evaluation of a study's risk of bias. Systematic  reviews and meta-analyses have both strengths and weaknesses. Many of the  perceived limitations of meta-analysis are not inherent in the methodology, but  actually represent deficits in the conduct or reporting of individual primary  studies. With the continuous proliferation of published renal clinical studies,  such publications will continue to be an important resource for clinicians and  researchers in nephrology. It is therefore important for nephrologists to keep  abreast of developments in this field, which requires some knowledge about how  these studies are conducted, reported and how to appraise them for application to  clinical practice or policy-making.|*Meta-Analysis as Topic[MESH]|*Review Literature as Topic[MESH]|Humans[MESH]|Nephrology/methods/*trends[MESH]|Physicians/*trends[MESH]
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