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CpG islands and the regulation of transcription Deaton AM; Bird AGenes Dev 2011[May]; 25 (10): 1010-22Vertebrate CpG islands (CGIs) are short interspersed DNA sequences that deviate significantly from the average genomic pattern by being GC-rich, CpG-rich, and predominantly nonmethylated. Most, perhaps all, CGIs are sites of transcription initiation, including thousands that are remote from currently annotated promoters. Shared DNA sequence features adapt CGIs for promoter function by destabilizing nucleosomes and attracting proteins that create a transcriptionally permissive chromatin state. Silencing of CGI promoters is achieved through dense CpG methylation or polycomb recruitment, again using their distinctive DNA sequence composition. CGIs are therefore generically equipped to influence local chromatin structure and simplify regulation of gene activity.|*Gene Expression Regulation[MESH]|Animals[MESH]|Chromatin/chemistry[MESH]|CpG Islands/genetics/*physiology[MESH]|DNA Methylation[MESH]|Gene Silencing[MESH]|Humans[MESH]|Polycomb-Group Proteins[MESH]|Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics[MESH]|Repressor Proteins/metabolism[MESH]|Transcription Initiation Site[MESH] |
