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 Standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation versus active compression-decompression  cardiopulmonary resuscitation with augmentation of negative intrathoracic  pressure for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a randomised trial Aufderheide TP; Frascone RJ; Wayne MA; Mahoney BD; Swor RA; Domeier RM; Olinger ML; Holcomb RG; Tupper DE; Yannopoulos D; Lurie KGLancet  2011[Jan]; 377 (9762): 301-11BACKGROUND: Active compression-decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)  with decreased intrathoracic pressure in the decompression phase can lead to  improved haemodynamics compared with standard CPR. We aimed to assess  effectiveness and safety of this intervention on survival with favourable  neurological function after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. METHODS: In our  randomised trial of 46 emergency medical service agencies (serving 2.3 million  people) in urban, suburban, and rural areas of the USA, we assessed outcomes for  patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest according to Utstein guidelines. We  provisionally enrolled patients to receive standard CPR or active  compression-decompression CPR with augmented negative intrathoracic pressure (via  an impedance-threshold device) with a computer-generated block randomisation  weekly schedule in a one-to-one ratio. Adults (presumed age or age >/=18 years) who  had a non-traumatic arrest of presumed cardiac cause and met initial and final  selection criteria received designated CPR and were included in the final  analyses. The primary endpoint was survival to hospital discharge with favourable  neurological function (modified Rankin scale score of =3). All investigators  apart from initial rescuers were masked to treatment group assignment. This trial  is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00189423. FINDINGS: 2470  provisionally enrolled patients were randomly allocated to treatment groups. 813  (68%) of 1201 patients assigned to the standard CPR group (controls) and 840  (66%) of 1269 assigned to intervention CPR received designated CPR and were  included in the final analyses. 47 (6%) of 813 controls survived to hospital  discharge with favourable neurological function compared with 75 (9%) of 840  patients in the intervention group (odds ratio 1.58, 95% CI 1.07-2.36; p=0.019].  74 (9%) of 840 patients survived to 1 year in the intervention group compared  with 48 (6%) of 813 controls (p=0.03), with equivalent cognitive skills,  disability ratings, and emotional-psychological statuses in both groups. The  overall major adverse event rate did not differ between groups, but more patients  had pulmonary oedema in the intervention group (94 [11%] of 840) than did  controls (62 [7%] of 813; p=0.015). INTERPRETATION: On the basis of our findings  showing increased effectiveness and generalisability of the study intervention,  active compression-decompression CPR with augmentation of negative intrathoracic  pressure should be considered as an alternative to standard CPR to increase  long-term survival after cardiac arrest. FUNDING: US National Institutes of  Health grant R44-HL065851-03, Advanced Circulatory Systems.|Adolescent[MESH]|Adult[MESH]|Aged[MESH]|Aged, 80 and over[MESH]|Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation/*instrumentation/*methods[MESH]|Cerebrovascular Circulation[MESH]|Coronary Circulation[MESH]|Emergency Medical Services[MESH]|Female[MESH]|Humans[MESH]|Male[MESH]|Middle Aged[MESH]|Neurologic Examination[MESH]|Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest/*mortality/*therapy[MESH]|Prospective Studies[MESH]|Pulmonary Edema/epidemiology[MESH]|Tachycardia, Ventricular/mortality/therapy[MESH]|United States/epidemiology[MESH]|Ventricular Fibrillation/mortality/therapy[MESH]
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