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lüll The functions of signal transducers and activators of transcriptions 1 and 3 as cytokine-inducible proteins Cheon H; Yang J; Stark GRJ Interferon Cytokine Res 2011[Jan]; 31 (1): 33-40The signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT)1 and STAT3 genes are specifically activated by phosphorylated STATs 1 and 3, respectively, resulting in large and prolonged increases in the levels of unphosphorylated STATs (U-STATs) in response to interferons (for STAT1) or ligands that activate gp130, such as IL-6 (for STAT3). U-STATs 1 and 3 are transcription factors that drive gene expression by mechanisms distinct from those used by phosphorylated STATs. U-STAT3 drives expression of many proteins not induced by phospho-STAT3, including several that are important in tumorigenesis. U-STAT1 prolongs and increases expression of a subset of proteins induced initially in response to phospho-STAT1, leading to antiviral and immune responses that are long-lived. U-STAT1 levels are also high in some cancers, and the protein products of genes induced by U-STAT1 enhance resistance to DNA damage. Therefore, interferons not only drive short-term expression of proteins that inhibit growth and promote apoptosis and immune surveillance, but also promote long-term expression of proteins that facilitate tumor survival.|*Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects[MESH]|Animals[MESH]|Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use[MESH]|Antiviral Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use[MESH]|Cytokines/*metabolism[MESH]|Humans[MESH]|Immunity, Innate/drug effects[MESH]|Interferons/pharmacology/therapeutic use[MESH]|Multiple Sclerosis/drug therapy/immunology[MESH]|Neoplasms/drug therapy/metabolism[MESH]|Phosphorylation/drug effects[MESH]|Protein Processing, Post-Translational/drug effects[MESH]|STAT1 Transcription Factor/genetics/*metabolism[MESH]|STAT3 Transcription Factor/genetics/*metabolism[MESH]|Virus Diseases/drug therapy/immunology/metabolism[MESH] |