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lüll The roles of PARP1 in gene control and cell differentiation Ji Y; Tulin AVCurr Opin Genet Dev 2010[Oct]; 20 (5): 512-8Cell growth and differentiation during developmental processes require the activation of many inducible genes. However, eukaryotic chromatin, which consists of DNA and histones, becomes a natural barrier impeding access to the functional transcription machinery. To break through the chromatin barrier, eukaryotic organisms have evolved the strategy of using poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) to modulate chromatin structure and initiate the steps leading to gene expression control. As a structural protein in chromatin, enzymatically silent PARP1 inhibits transcription by contributing to the condensation of chromatin, which creates a barrier against gene transcription. However, once activated by environmental stimuli and developmental signals, PARP1 can modify itself and other chromatin-associated proteins, thereby loosening chromatin to facilitate gene transcription. Here we discuss the roles of PARP1 in transcriptional control during development.|*Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly[MESH]|Alternative Splicing[MESH]|Animals[MESH]|Cell Differentiation/*genetics[MESH]|Chromatin/genetics[MESH]|Drosophila Proteins/genetics/*metabolism[MESH]|Germ-Line Mutation[MESH]|Histones/genetics/metabolism[MESH]|Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1[MESH]|Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases/genetics/*metabolism[MESH]|Transcription, Genetic[MESH] |