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lüll MicroRNAs: small RNAs with big effects Anglicheau D; Muthukumar T; Suthanthiran MTransplantation 2010[Jul]; 90 (2): 105-12MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are evolutionarily conserved, small ( approximately 20-25 nucleotides), single-stranded molecules that suppress the expression of protein-coding genes by translational repression, messenger RNA degradation, or both. More than 700 miRNAs have been identified in the human genome. Amazingly, a single miRNA can regulate the expression of hundreds of mRNAs or proteins within a cell. The small RNAs are fast emerging as master regulators of innate and adaptive immunity and likely to play a pivotal role in transplantation. The clinical application of RNA sequencing ("next-generation sequencing") should facilitate transcriptome profiling at an unprecedented resolution. We provide an overview of miRNA biology and their hypothesized roles in transplantation.|Animals[MESH]|B-Lymphocytes/immunology[MESH]|Base Sequence[MESH]|Caenorhabditis elegans/genetics[MESH]|Conserved Sequence[MESH]|Evolution, Molecular[MESH]|Genome, Human[MESH]|Humans[MESH]|Immunity, Innate/genetics[MESH]|MicroRNAs/*genetics/immunology[MESH]|Polymerase Chain Reaction[MESH]|RNA, Messenger/genetics[MESH]|T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology[MESH]|T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology[MESH]|T-Lymphocytes/immunology[MESH] |