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lüll On the chemistry, toxicology and genetics of the cyanobacterial toxins, microcystin, nodularin, saxitoxin and cylindrospermopsin Pearson L; Mihali T; Moffitt M; Kellmann R; Neilan BMar Drugs 2010[May]; 8 (5): 1650-80The cyanobacteria or "blue-green algae", as they are commonly termed, comprise a diverse group of oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria that inhabit a wide range of aquatic and terrestrial environments, and display incredible morphological diversity. Many aquatic, bloom-forming species of cyanobacteria are capable of producing biologically active secondary metabolites, which are highly toxic to humans and other animals. From a toxicological viewpoint, the cyanotoxins span four major classes: the neurotoxins, hepatotoxins, cytotoxins, and dermatoxins (irritant toxins). However, structurally they are quite diverse. Over the past decade, the biosynthesis pathways of the four major cyanotoxins: microcystin, nodularin, saxitoxin and cylindrospermopsin, have been genetically and biochemically elucidated. This review provides an overview of these biosynthesis pathways and additionally summarizes the chemistry and toxicology of these remarkable secondary metabolites.|Alkaloids[MESH]|Animals[MESH]|Bacterial Toxins/biosynthesis/chemistry/*genetics/isolation & purification/*toxicity[MESH]|Cyanobacteria Toxins[MESH]|Cyanobacteria/genetics/*metabolism[MESH]|Genes, Bacterial[MESH]|Marine Toxins/biosynthesis/chemistry/*genetics/isolation & purification/*toxicity[MESH]|Microcystins/biosynthesis/chemistry/*genetics/isolation & purification/*toxicity[MESH]|Peptides, Cyclic/biosynthesis/chemistry/genetics/isolation & purification/toxicity[MESH]|Saxitoxin/biosynthesis/chemistry/genetics/isolation & purification/toxicity[MESH]|Uracil/analogs & derivatives/biosynthesis/chemistry/isolation & purification/toxicity[MESH] |