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lüll Inflammatory cytokines as a third signal for T cell activation Curtsinger JM; Mescher MFCurr Opin Immunol 2010[Jun]; 22 (3): 333-40CD8 T cells require a third signal, along with Ag and costimulation, to make a productive response and avoid death and/or tolerance induction. Recent studies indicate that IL-12 and Type I IFN (IFNalpha/beta) are the major sources of signal 3 in a variety of responses, and that the two cytokines stimulate a common regulatory program involving altered expression of about 350 genes. Signal 3-driven chromatin remodeling is likely to play a major role in this regulation. Although less well studied, there is emerging evidence that CD4 T cells may also require a 'third signal' for a productive response and that IL-1 can provide this signal. Signal 3 cytokines can replace adjuvants in supporting in vivo T cell responses to peptide and protein antigens, and a better understanding of their activities and mechanisms should contribute to more rational design of vaccines.|*Signal Transduction[MESH]|Animals[MESH]|CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology/immunology[MESH]|Cytokines/biosynthesis/*immunology[MESH]|Gene Expression Regulation/*immunology[MESH]|Humans[MESH]|Inflammation/immunology/*metabolism[MESH]|Lymphocyte Activation/*immunology[MESH]|Mice[MESH]|T-Lymphocytes/cytology/*immunology[MESH] |