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lüll Embryonic stem cells as models of trophoblast differentiation: progress, opportunities, and limitations Golos TG; Giakoumopoulos M; Garthwaite MAReproduction 2010[Jul]; 140 (1): 3-9While the determination of the trophoblast lineage and the facilitation of placental morphogenesis by trophoblast interactions with other cells of the placenta are crucial components for the establishment of pregnancy, these processes are not tractable at the time of human implantation. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) provide an embryonic surrogate to derive insights into these processes. In this review, we will summarize current paradigms which promote trophoblast differentiation from ESCs, and potential opportunities for their use to further define signals directing morphogenesis of the placenta following implantation of the embryo into the endometrium.|Adult[MESH]|Animals[MESH]|Cell Aggregation[MESH]|Cell Differentiation/genetics/physiology[MESH]|Embryonic Stem Cells/*physiology[MESH]|Epigenesis, Genetic[MESH]|Female[MESH]|Humans[MESH]|Macaca mulatta[MESH]|Placenta/cytology[MESH]|Pregnancy[MESH]|Trophoblasts/*physiology[MESH] |