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Nodal morphogens Schier AFCold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2009[Nov]; 1 (5): a003459Nodal signals belong to the TGF-beta superfamily and are essential for the induction of mesoderm and endoderm and the determination of the left-right axis. Nodal signals can act as morphogens-they have concentration-dependent effects and can act at a distance from their source of production. Nodal and its feedback inhibitor Lefty form an activator/inhibitor pair that behaves similarly to postulated reaction-diffusion models of tissue patterning. Nodal morphogen activity is also regulated by microRNAs, convertases, TGF-beta signals, coreceptors, and trafficking factors. This article describes how Nodal morphogens pattern embryonic fields and discusses how Nodal morphogen signaling is modulated.|*Morphogenesis[MESH]|Animals[MESH]|Body Patterning[MESH]|Diffusion[MESH]|Endoderm/metabolism[MESH]|Humans[MESH]|Kinetics[MESH]|Left-Right Determination Factors/metabolism[MESH]|Mesoderm/metabolism[MESH]|MicroRNAs/metabolism[MESH]|Models, Biological[MESH]|Nodal Protein/metabolism/*physiology[MESH]|Protein Processing, Post-Translational[MESH]|Signal Transduction[MESH]|Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism[MESH] |
