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The regulation of TGFbeta signal transduction Moustakas A; Heldin CHDevelopment 2009[Nov]; 136 (22): 3699-714Transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) pathways are implicated in metazoan development, adult homeostasis and disease. TGFbeta ligands signal via receptor serine/threonine kinases that phosphorylate, and activate, intracellular Smad effectors as well as other signaling proteins. Oligomeric Smad complexes associate with chromatin and regulate transcription, defining the biological response of a cell to TGFbeta family members. Signaling is modulated by negative-feedback regulation via inhibitory Smads. We review here the mechanisms of TGFbeta signal transduction in metazoans and emphasize events crucial for embryonic development.|*Signal Transduction[MESH]|Animals[MESH]|Embryo, Mammalian/metabolism[MESH]|Embryo, Nonmammalian/metabolism[MESH]|Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental[MESH]|Humans[MESH]|Transforming Growth Factor beta/*metabolism[MESH] |
