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lüll B cells in autoimmunity Dorner T; Jacobi AM; Lipsky PEArthritis Res Ther 2009[]; 11 (5): 247B-cell development is tightly regulated, including the induction of B-cell memory and antibody-secreting plasmablasts and plasma cells. In the last decade, we have expanded our understanding of effector functions of B cells as well as their roles in human autoimmune diseases. The current review addresses the role of certain stages of B-cell development as well as plasmablasts/plasma cells in immune regulation under normal and autoimmune conditions with particular emphasis on systemic lupus erythematosus. Based on preclinical and clinical data, B cells have emerged increasingly as both effector cells as well as cells with immunoregulatory potential.|Animals[MESH]|Autoimmune Diseases/immunology[MESH]|Autoimmunity/*immunology[MESH]|B-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology[MESH]|B-Lymphocytes/cytology/*immunology[MESH]|Cell Differentiation/immunology[MESH]|Humans[MESH]|Lymphocyte Activation/*immunology[MESH] |