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Phototransduction motifs and variations Yau KW; Hardie RCCell 2009[Oct]; 139 (2): 246-64Seeing begins in the photoreceptors, where light is absorbed and signaled to the nervous system. Throughout the animal kingdom, photoreceptors are diverse in design and purpose. Nonetheless, phototransduction-the mechanism by which absorbed photons are converted into an electrical response-is highly conserved and based almost exclusively on a single class of photoproteins, the opsins. In this Review, we survey the G protein-coupled signaling cascades downstream from opsins in photoreceptors across vertebrate and invertebrate species, noting their similarities as well as differences.|*Light Signal Transduction[MESH]|Animals[MESH]|Humans[MESH]|Photoreceptor Cells, Invertebrate/metabolism[MESH]|Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate[MESH]|Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/*metabolism[MESH] |
