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  lüll Transgenesis and paratransgenesis to control insect-borne diseases: current  status and future challenges Coutinho-Abreu IV; Zhu KY; Ramalho-Ortigao MParasitol Int  2010[Mar]; 59 (1): 1-8Insect-borne diseases cause significant human morbidity and mortality. Current  control and preventive methods against vector-borne diseases rely mainly on  insecticides. The emergence of insecticide resistance in many disease vectors  highlights the necessity to develop new strategies to control these insects.  Vector transgenesis and paratransgenesis are novel strategies that aim at  reducing insect vectorial capacity, or seek to eliminate transmission of  pathogens such as Plasmodium sp., Trypanosoma sp., and Dengue virus currently  being developed. Vector transgenesis relies on direct genetic manipulation of  disease vectors making them incapable of functioning as vectors of a given  pathogen. Paratransgenesis focuses on utilizing genetically modified insect  symbionts to express molecules within the vector that are deleterious to  pathogens they transmit. Despite the many successes achieved in developing such  techniques in the last several years, many significant barriers remain and need  to be overcome prior to any of these approaches become a reality. Here, we  highlight the current status of these strategies, pointing out advantages and  constraints, and also explore issues that need to be resolved before the  establishment of transgenesis and paratransgenesis as tools to prevent  vector-borne diseases.|*Animals, Genetically Modified[MESH]|*Gene Transfer Techniques[MESH]|*Organisms, Genetically Modified[MESH]|Animals[MESH]|Communicable Disease Control/*methods[MESH]|Culicidae/*virology[MESH]|Genetic Engineering/methods[MESH]|Humans[MESH]|Insect Control/methods[MESH]|Insect Vectors/*genetics/virology[MESH]|Symbiosis[MESH] |