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Hepatitis C virus-induced cryoglobulinemia Charles ED; Dustin LBKidney Int 2009[Oct]; 76 (8): 818-24In this review we discuss the clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, and treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related cryoglobulinemia. HCV is a major cause of liver-related morbidity and is increasingly recognized as an instigator of B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders such as mixed cryoglobulinemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Cryoglobulinemia is characterized by the clonal expansion of rheumatoid factor-expressing B cells in the liver, lymph nodes, and peripheral blood, resulting in the presence of cryoglobulins in the circulation. Cryoglobulins are cold-insoluble immune complexes containing rheumatoid factor, polyclonal IgG, and HCV RNA that precipitate and deposit on vascular endothelium, causing vasculitis in organs such as the skin, kidneys, and peripheral nerves. A subset of patients develops a low-grade lymphoma composed of B cells that are immunophenotypically similar to the expanded B cells seen in cryoglobulinemia. HCV-related B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders likely comprise a spectrum of disease, ranging from asymptomatic clonal B-cell expansions to pathogenic cryoglobulinemia and lymphoma. It is unclear how B cells become dysregulated during the course of chronic HCV infection, and continued patient-centered research is necessary to elucidate the pathogenesis of HCV-related B-cell dysregulation.|Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use[MESH]|B-Lymphocytes/drug effects/immunology/*virology[MESH]|Cryoglobulinemia/diagnosis/epidemiology/immunology/therapy/*virology[MESH]|Hepatitis C/*complications/drug therapy/epidemiology/immunology[MESH]|Humans[MESH]|Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use[MESH]|Lymphatic Diseases/diagnosis/immunology/therapy/*virology[MESH]|Plasmapheresis[MESH]|Treatment Outcome[MESH] |
