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The toll-like receptor 3:dsRNA signaling complex Botos I; Liu L; Wang Y; Segal DM; Davies DRBiochim Biophys Acta 2009[Sep]; 1789 (9-10): 667-74Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize conserved molecular patterns in invading pathogens and trigger innate immune responses. TLR3 recognizes dsRNA, a molecular signature of most viruses via its ectodomain (ECD). The TLR3-ECD structure consists of a 23 turn coil bent into the shape of a horseshoe with specialized domains capping the N and C-terminal ends of the coil. TLR3-ECDs bind as dimeric units to dsRNA oligonucleotides of at least 45 bp in length, the minimal length required for signal transduction. X-ray analysis has shown that each TLR3-ECD of a dimer binds dsRNA at two sites located at opposite ends of the TLR3 "horseshoe" on the one lateral face that lacks N-linked glycans. Intermolecular contacts between the C-terminal domains of two TLR3-ECDs stabilize the dimer and position the C-terminal residues within 20-25 A of each other, which is thought to be essential for transducing a signal across the plasma membrane in intact TLR3 molecules. Interestingly, in TLRs 1, 2 and 4, which bind lipid ligands using very different interactions from TLR3, the ligands nevertheless promote the formation of a dimer in which the same two lateral surfaces as in the TLR3-ECD:dsRNA complex face each other, bringing their C-termini in close proximity. Thus, a pattern is emerging in which pathogen-derived substances bind to TLR-ECDs, thereby promoting the formation of a dimer in which the glycan-free ligand binding surfaces face each other and the two C-termini are brought in close proximity for signal transduction.|Animals[MESH]|Cell Membrane/metabolism[MESH]|DNA Mutational Analysis[MESH]|Dimerization[MESH]|Dose-Response Relationship, Drug[MESH]|Glycosylation[MESH]|Humans[MESH]|Kinetics[MESH]|Ligands[MESH]|Models, Molecular[MESH]|Molecular Conformation[MESH]|Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide[MESH]|Protein Structure, Tertiary[MESH]|RNA, Double-Stranded/*genetics[MESH]|Signal Transduction[MESH]|Toll-Like Receptor 3/*genetics[MESH] |
