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 The multiple levels of regulation by p53 ubiquitination Lee JT; Gu WCell Death Differ  2010[Jan]; 17 (1): 86-92p53 is a central integrator of a plethora of signals and outputs these signals in  the form of tumor suppression. It is well accepted that ubiquitination plays a  major part in p53 regulation. Nonetheless, the molecular mechanisms by which p53  activity is controlled by ubiquitination are complex. Mdm2, a RING oncoprotein,  was once thought to be the sole E3 ubiquitin ligase for p53, however recent  studies have shown that p53 is stabilized but still degraded in the cells of  Mdm2-null mice. Although the essential role of Mdm2 in p53 regulation is well  established, there are an increasing number of other E3 ligases implicated in  Mdm2-independent regulation of p53 by ubiquitination. The different types of  ubiquitination on p53 by various E3 ligases have been linked to its differential  effects on p53-mediated stress responses. In addition to proteasome-mediated  degradation, ubiquitination of p53 acts as signals for degradation-independent  functions, such as nuclear export. The function of ubiquitinated p53 varies in  the nucleus and cytosol underlying the many potential contributions ubiquitinated  p53 may have in promoting cell proliferation or death. Thus, p53 requires  multiple layers of regulatory control to ensure correct temporal and spatial  functions.|*Ubiquitination[MESH]|Animals[MESH]|Apoptosis[MESH]|Humans[MESH]|Mice[MESH]|Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex/metabolism[MESH]|Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mdm2/metabolism[MESH]|Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/*metabolism[MESH]|Ubiquitin Thiolesterase/metabolism[MESH]|Ubiquitin-Specific Peptidase 7[MESH]
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