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lüll A tale of two tails: activation of DNA damage checkpoint kinase Mec1/ATR by the 9-1-1 clamp and by Dpb11/TopBP1 Navadgi-Patil VM; Burgers PMDNA Repair (Amst) 2009[Sep]; 8 (9): 996-1003The DNA damage and replication checkpoint kinase Mec1/ATR is a member of the PI3-kinase related kinases that function in response to various genotoxic stresses. The checkpoint clamp 9-1-1 (Rad9-Rad1-Hus1 in S. pombe and mammals; Ddc1-Rad17-Mec3 in S. cerevisiae) executes two distinct checkpoint functions. In S. cerevisiae, DNA-bound 9-1-1 directly activates Mec1 kinase activity, a function that has not been demonstrated in other organisms. A second, conserved activity of 9-1-1 is that of TopBP1/Cut5/Dpb11 recruitment to stalled replication sites; subsequent activation of Mec1/ATR is carried out by TopBP1/Cut5/Dpb11. Biochemical studies indicate that the mode of Mec1/ATR activation by S. cerevisiae 9-1-1 is analogous to activation by S. cerevisiae Dpb11 or by vertebrate TopBP1: activation is mediated by the intrinsically disordered C-terminal tail of each activator. The relative contributions made by multiple activators of Mec1/ATR are discussed.|*DNA Damage[MESH]|Cell Cycle Proteins/*metabolism[MESH]|Enzyme Activation[MESH]|Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/*metabolism[MESH]|Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/*metabolism[MESH]|Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/*metabolism[MESH]|Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*enzymology[MESH] |