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Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: the epigenetic perspective Haycock PCBiol Reprod 2009[Oct]; 81 (4): 607-17Ethanol is a classic teratogen capable of inducing a wide range of developmental abnormalities. Studies in animal models suggest that differences in timing and dosage underlie this variability, with three particularly important developmental periods: preconception, preimplantation, and gastrulation. These periods of teratogenesis correlate with peak periods of epigenetic reprogramming which, together with the evidence that ethanol interferes with one-carbon metabolism, DNA methylation, histone modifications, and noncoding RNA, suggests an important role for epigenetic mechanisms in the etiology of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs). In addition to a number of testable hypotheses, an epigenetic model suggests that the concept of a "fetal alcohol spectrum" should be expanded to include "preconceptional effects." This proposal has important public health implications, highlighting the urgency of research into the epigenetic basis of FASDs.|*Epigenesis, Genetic[MESH]|Animals[MESH]|Ethanol/administration & dosage/*toxicity[MESH]|Female[MESH]|Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders/*genetics[MESH]|Humans[MESH]|Male[MESH]|Pregnancy[MESH] |
