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lüll The role of the auditory brainstem in processing linguistically-relevant pitch patterns Krishnan A; Gandour JTBrain Lang 2009[Sep]; 110 (3): 135-48Historically, the brainstem has been neglected as a part of the brain involved in language processing. We review recent evidence of language-dependent effects in pitch processing based on comparisons of native vs. nonnative speakers of a tonal language from electrophysiological recordings in the auditory brainstem. We argue that there is enhancing of linguistically-relevant pitch dimensions or features well before the auditory signal reaches the cerebral cortex. We propose that long-term experience with a tone language sharpens the tuning characteristics of neurons along the pitch axis with enhanced sensitivity to linguistically-relevant, rapidly changing sections of pitch contours. Though not specific to a speech context, experience-dependent brainstem mechanisms for pitch representation are clearly sensitive to particular aspects of pitch contours that native speakers of a tone language have been exposed to. Such experience-dependent effects on lower-level sensory processing are compatible with more integrated, hierarchically organized pathways to language and the brain.|*Linguistics[MESH]|Animals[MESH]|Brain Stem/*physiology[MESH]|Humans[MESH]|Models, Neurological[MESH]|Neuronal Plasticity/physiology[MESH]|Pitch Perception/*physiology[MESH] |