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lüll The W, X, Y and Z of sex-chromosome dosage compensation Mank JETrends Genet 2009[May]; 25 (5): 226-33In species with highly differentiated sex chromosomes, imbalances in gene dosage between the sexes can affect overall organismal fitness. Regulatory mechanisms were discovered in several unrelated animals, which counter gene-dose differences between females and males, and these early findings suggested that dosage-compensating mechanisms were required for sex-chromosome evolution. However, recent reports in birds and moths contradict this view because these animals locally compensate only a few genes on the sex chromosomes, leaving the majority with different expression levels in males and females. These findings warrant a re-examination of the evolutionary forces underlying dosage compensation.|Animals[MESH]|Dosage Compensation, Genetic/*genetics[MESH]|Evolution, Molecular[MESH]|Female[MESH]|Humans[MESH]|Male[MESH]|Sex Chromosomes/*genetics[MESH]|X Chromosome Inactivation/genetics[MESH] |