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The genetic and neurobiologic compass points toward common signaling dysfunctions in autism spectrum disorders Levitt P; Campbell DBJ Clin Invest 2009[Apr]; 119 (4): 747-54Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder with high heritability. Here, we discuss data supporting the view that there are at least two distinct genetic etiologies for ASD: rare, private (de novo) single gene mutations that may have a large effect in causing ASD; and inherited, common functional variants of a combination of genes, each having a small to moderate effect in increasing ASD risk. It also is possible that a combination of the two mechanisms may occur in some individuals with ASD. We further discuss evidence from individuals with a number of different neurodevelopmental syndromes, in which there is a high prevalence of ASD, that some private mutations and common variants converge on dysfunctional ERK and PI3K signaling, which negatively impacts neurodevelopmental events regulated by some receptor tyrosine kinases.|Alleles[MESH]|Autistic Disorder/*genetics/*physiopathology[MESH]|Child[MESH]|Female[MESH]|Genetic Predisposition to Disease[MESH]|Genetic Variation[MESH]|Genome-Wide Association Study[MESH]|Humans[MESH]|MAP Kinase Signaling System/genetics/physiology[MESH]|Male[MESH]|Models, Genetic[MESH]|Models, Neurological[MESH]|Mutation[MESH]|Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/physiology[MESH]|Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met[MESH]|Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics/physiology[MESH]|Receptors, Growth Factor/genetics/physiology[MESH]|Signal Transduction/*genetics/physiology[MESH] |
