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lüll Biology and clinical relevance of granulysin Krensky AM; Clayberger CTissue Antigens 2009[Mar]; 73 (3): 193-8Granulysin is a cytolytic and proinflammatory molecule first identified by a screen for genes expressed 'late' (3-5 days) after activation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Granulysin is present in cytolytic granules of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells. Granulysin is made in a 15-kDa form that is cleaved into a 9-kDa form at both the amino and the carboxy termini. The 15-kDa form is constitutively secreted, and its function remains poorly understood. The 9-kDa form is released by receptor-mediated granule exocytosis. Nine kiloDalton granulysin is broadly cytolytic against tumors and microbes, including gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, fungi/yeast and parasites. It kills the causative agents of both tuberculosis and malaria. Granulysin is also a chemoattractant for T lymphocytes, monocytes and other inflammatory cells and activates the expression of a number of cytokines, including regulated upon activation T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, MCP-3, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1 alpha, interleukin (IL)-10, IL-1, IL-6 and interferon (IFN)-alpha. Granulysin is implicated in a myriad of diseases including infection, cancer, transplantation, autoimmunity, skin and reproductive maladies. Small synthetic forms of granulysin are being developed as novel antibiotics. Studies of the full-length forms may give rise to new diagnostics and therapeutics for use in a wide variety of diseases.|Animals[MESH]|Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/*metabolism[MESH]|Chemotaxis[MESH]|Communicable Diseases/metabolism[MESH]|Humans[MESH]|Immunity, Cellular/physiology[MESH]|Mice[MESH]|Mice, Transgenic[MESH]|Models, Biological[MESH]|Neoplasms/metabolism[MESH]|Skin Diseases/metabolism[MESH]|T-Lymphocytes/metabolism[MESH] |