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lüll Preclinical and clinical development of a multi-envelope, DNA-virus-protein (D-V-P) HIV-1 vaccine Sealy R; Slobod KS; Flynn P; Branum K; Surman S; Jones B; Freiden P; Lockey T; Howlett N; Hurwitz JLInt Rev Immunol 2009[]; 28 (1): 49-68The human immune system has evolved to recognize antigenic diversity, a strength that has been harnessed by vaccine developers to combat numerous pathogens (e.g., pneumococcus, influenza virus, rotavirus). In each case, vaccine cocktails were formulated to include antigenic variants of the target. To combat HIV-1 diversity, we assembled a cocktail vaccine comprising dozens of envelopes, delivered as recombinant DNA, vaccinia virus, and protein for testing in a clinical trial. One vaccinee has now completed vaccinations with no serious adverse events. Preliminary analyses demonstrate early proof-of-principle that a multi-envelope vaccine can elicit neutralizing antibody responses toward heterologous HIV-1 in humans.|AIDS Vaccines/adverse effects/genetics/immunology/*therapeutic use[MESH]|Animals[MESH]|Antigenic Variation/immunology[MESH]|Clinical Trials as Topic[MESH]|DNA, Recombinant/genetics/*immunology[MESH]|HIV Infections/*prevention & control[MESH]|HIV-1/*immunology[MESH]|Humans[MESH]|Mice[MESH]|Vaccines, DNA/adverse effects/genetics/immunology/*therapeutic use[MESH]|Vaccinia virus/genetics/*immunology[MESH]|env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics/*immunology[MESH] |