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lüll Protein X of Borna disease virus inhibits apoptosis and promotes viral persistence in the central nervous systems of newborn-infected rats Poenisch M; Burger N; Staeheli P; Bauer G; Schneider UJ Virol 2009[May]; 83 (9): 4297-307Borna disease virus (BDV) is a neurotropic member of the order Mononegavirales with noncytolytic replication and obligatory persistence in cultured cells and animals. Here we show that the accessory protein X of BDV represents the first mitochondrion-localized protein of an RNA virus that inhibits rather than promotes apoptosis induction. Rat C6 astroglioma cells persistently infected with wild-type BDV were significantly more resistant to death receptor-dependent and -independent apoptotic stimuli than uninfected cells or cells infected with a BDV mutant expressing reduced amounts of X. Confocal microscopy demonstrated that X colocalizes with mitochondria and expression of X from plasmid DNA rendered human 293T and mouse L929 cells resistant to apoptosis induction. A recombinant virus encoding a mutant X protein unable to associate with mitochondria (BDV-X(A6A7)) failed to block apoptosis in C6 cells. Furthermore, Lewis rats neonatally infected with BDV-X(A6A7) developed severe neurological symptoms and died around day 30 postinfection, whereas all animals infected with wild-type BDV remained healthy and became persistently infected. TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling) staining revealed a significant increase in the number of apoptotic cells in the brain of BDV-X(A6A7)-infected animals, whereas the numbers of CD3(+) T lymphocytes were comparable to those detected in animals infected with wild-type BDV. Our data thus indicate that inhibition of apoptosis by X promotes noncytolytic viral persistence and is required for the survival of cells in the central nervous system of BDV-infected animals.|*Apoptosis[MESH]|Amino Acid Sequence[MESH]|Animals[MESH]|Animals, Newborn/virology[MESH]|Borna Disease/*metabolism/pathology/*virology[MESH]|Borna disease virus/genetics/*metabolism[MESH]|Cell Line[MESH]|Central Nervous System/*metabolism/*virology[MESH]|Chlorocebus aethiops[MESH]|Mice[MESH]|Mitochondria/metabolism[MESH]|Molecular Sequence Data[MESH]|Rats[MESH]|Trans-Activators/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism[MESH] |