Warning: Undefined variable $zfal in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\mlpefetch.php on line 525
Deprecated: str_replace(): Passing null to parameter #3 ($subject) of type array|string is deprecated in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\mlpefetch.php on line 525
Warning: Undefined variable $sterm in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\mlpefetch.php on line 530
Warning: Undefined variable $sterm in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\mlpefetch.php on line 531
English Wikipedia
Nephropedia Template TP (
Twit Text
DeepDyve Pubget Overpricing |
lüll Melamine toxicity and the kidney Hau AK; Kwan TH; Li PKJ Am Soc Nephrol 2009[Feb]; 20 (2): 245-50The toxicity of melamine caught the attention of physicians as a result of a recent spate of renal injury after exposure to melamine-tainted milk in China. Melamine is an organic nitrogenous compound used in the production of plastics, dyes, fertilizers, and fabrics. In the current incident, melamine was added to milk to elevate falsely assay results for protein content. A variety of toxic effects from melamine, including nephrolithiasis, chronic kidney inflammation, and bladder carcinoma, all have been studied in animals. We review here the epidemiology, clinical features, and investigative findings concerning the only outbreak of melamine poisoning in humans. We also examine the renal toxicities of melamine and cyanuric acid--a by-product of its synthesis--and the associated risk factors on exposure and provide guidance on levels in foods.|Acute Kidney Injury/*chemically induced[MESH]|Animals[MESH]|China[MESH]|Food Contamination[MESH]|Humans[MESH]|Kidney Tubules/drug effects[MESH]|Kidney/*drug effects/metabolism[MESH]|Models, Biological[MESH]|Models, Chemical[MESH]|Nephrology/methods[MESH]|Risk[MESH]|Triazines/chemistry/poisoning/*toxicity[MESH] |